Cybersecurity Threats by Industry

Cybersecurity threats affect every sector, and each has its own vulnerabilities and risks. With technology so deeply embedded in how organizations operate and conduct transactions, cybercriminals are constantly looking for weak points to exploit. Some cyber attacks are so sophisticated that businesses don’t even realize they’ve been breached.

Understanding the top cybersecurity threats by industry is key to implementing effective defensive strategies. 

What Are Cybersecurity Threats?

A cybersecurity threat is any attack that targets digital resources, including hardware, software, servers, and data. Although individuals are at risk, most cybercriminals set their sights higher, aiming to steal data, disrupt services, or cause financial and reputational harm to businesses and government organizations.

Here is a high-level overview of the most notable cybersecurity threats in today’s digital landscape. 

Malware

Malware is software designed to harm or exploit a computer system. Common forms of malware include viruses, worms, and spyware. 

Social Engineering and Phishing

Social engineering is the practice of manipulating people into revealing confidential information. Phishing is one of the most common forms. 

During a phishing attack, an attacker poses as a trusted contact through email, phone calls, or texts to trick individuals into clicking on malicious links or providing sensitive data. 

Ransomware

Ransomware encrypts a victim’s files. Hackers then demand payment in exchange for the decryption key. These attacks bring business operations to a halt by locking access to critical data and systems. 

Denial-of-Service Attacks

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks flood a network, server, or website with traffic, overloading it to make it unavailable to legitimate users. Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks use multiple compromised devices to amplify the attack. 

DNS Spoofing

Domain Name System (DNS) spoofing involves corrupting DNS records to redirect users from a legitimate website to a fraudulent one. This can lead users to give sensitive information to the fake site without realizing it.

Drive-By Attacks

Drive-by attacks occur when a user visits a compromised or malicious website that automatically downloads malware onto their device without requiring any action. 

Internet of Things Attacks

Internet of Things (IoT) devices, including smart thermostats, security cameras, and wearable technology, often have security vulnerabilities and limited update capabilities. Attackers exploit these vulnerabilities to gain access to broader networks, spy on users, or launch large-scale botnet attacks.

Insider Threats

Insider threats come from employees, contractors, or other individuals who work within an organization. Because insider threats misuse existing access rather than unauthorized external access, cybersecurity systems may not easily detect them.

Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

In a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, a cybercriminal accesses or changes communication between two parties. MITM attacks steal login credentials, financial information, or personal data that can be used to gain leverage over a victim. 

SQL Injection Attacks

SQL injection targets databases through unsecure web applications. Attackers input malicious SQL code into search bars, login fields, or other input fields to manipulate or access the database. 

Viruses

A virus infiltrates a computer system, replicates itself, and spreads to other systems, often without the user’s knowledge. Cybercriminals use viruses to damage files, steal data, disrupt operations, or create backdoors for further exploitation.

Trojan Horses

A Trojan horse disguises itself as legitimate software but contains malicious code. When successfully installed, it can open a backdoor for attackers, allowing them to steal data and install additional malware. Unlike viruses, Trojan horses don’t replicate themselves. 

URL Interpretation

URL interpretation attacks trick users into clicking on deceptive or misleading links. This can involve typosquatting (using misspelled domain names), homograph attacks (using characters that look similar to others), or embedded links that redirect users to malicious sites. 

Zero-Day Exploits

Zero-day exploits target unknown software or hardware vulnerabilities. Because the developer hasn’t yet discovered or patched the flaw, attackers have a small window of opportunity to exploit the vulnerability before a solution can be implemented. 

10 Industries Under Cybersecurity Threat

Any business or organization that employs digital tools and resources could face a cyber threat. However, cybersecurity threats by industry may be very different. The challenge is knowing what to prepare for, as cyber threats come in many forms and are constantly evolving.

1. Manufacturing

Manufacturers are increasingly adopting smart technologies, automation, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices. Although these innovations can improve efficiency and productivity, they also introduce new cyber risks.

Ransomware is one of the biggest threats to manufacturing. It can halt production and disrupt supply chains. When a production line stops, it can cost a company thousands of dollars per minute.

Intellectual property theft is another major concern, as hackers target proprietary designs, product formulas, or trade secrets. In a competitive market, manufacturers value original ideas. 

2. Finance and Insurance

The finance and insurance sector handles vast amounts of sensitive personal and financial data, making it a prime target for cybercriminals. Phishing and social engineering attacks access customer accounts or internal systems. Ransomware and credential theft also pose major threats, with attackers aiming to gain control of systems or redirect financial transactions.

Advanced persistent threats (APTs), in which hackers covertly infiltrate systems to monitor and extract data over time, are especially dangerous in this sector. Industry-specific regulatory compliance requirements add another layer of complexity, demanding robust and constantly evolving security practices. 

3. Business and Consumer Services

Business and consumer services, such as legal firms, consulting agencies, and marketing companies, often store confidential and highly sensitive client data. Phishing campaigns, email account compromises, and data breaches frequently target these companies.

Businesses may also face third-party and supply chain vulnerabilities, especially those that rely on outside vendors or cloud-based software. Since many of these organizations may not have robust cybersecurity measures, they can be particularly vulnerable to human error and insufficient security protocols. 

4. Energy

The energy sector, including oil, gas, and utilities, has complex systems and a high risk of disruption. When discussing cybersecurity threats by industry, successful attacks on the energy sector can be especially impactful, as they can cause blackouts, damage physical equipment, and impact national security.

Cyberterrorists often target the energy sector because the damage is immediate and widespread. The most common methods of attack include ransomware, malware, or intrusion into industrial control systems (ICSs). Additionally, legacy technology and a lack of visibility into operational networks can make detecting and responding to threats in real time challenging. 

5. Transportation

Airlines, shipping, and public transportation rely heavily on interconnected digital systems. These systems control ticketing, scheduling, logistics, and tracking. When cyber attacks compromise these systems, it can be highly disruptive and even dangerous for local commuters, long-distance travelers, and supply chain workers.

Cyber threats in the transportation industry include ransomware attacks that can shut down operations, Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing, and vulnerabilities in airline or railway software systems. As autonomous and smart transportation technologies continue to grow, securing these systems against intrusion becomes even more essential to passenger and cargo safety. 

6. Retail and Wholesale

Retail and wholesale businesses manage payment processing systems, customer data, and supply chains, all of which are frequent targets for cybercriminals. Cybercriminals may employ point-of-sale (POS) malware , credit card skimming, and credential stuffing attacks.

Online retailers are also vulnerable to e-commerce fraud, account takeovers, and phishing scams. With the rise of mobile payment systems and digital loyalty programs, strong data protection and payment card industry (PCI) compliance have become increasingly important in this sector. 

7. Health Care

Health care organizations face unique challenges due to the sensitive nature of medical records and the life-sustaining systems they manage. Ransomware is one of the top threats in health care, with attackers targeting hospitals, walk-in clinics, and urgent care centers.

Electronic health record (EHR) software, connected medical devices, and patient portals all present entry points for hackers. Inadequate network segmentation and outdated systems further increase the risk. Breaches in health care are costly and can have severe consequences for patient safety and privacy.

Hostile nation-states and ransomware attackers collaborate on health care-specific attacks. Iran, North Korea, China, and Russia pose the greatest risk, according to the American Hospital Association (AHA). 

8. Government

Government agencies manage vast databases containing sensitive information about citizens, infrastructure, defense, and law enforcement. These institutions are common targets for espionage, data theft, and disruption campaigns by both cybercriminals and nation-state actors.

DOS attacks, phishing campaigns, and malware are among the top threats. In recent years, state and local governments have also seen a rise in hacktivism — when ideological reasons motivate cyber attacks.

Strengthening digital infrastructure, increasing employee awareness, and securing remote access points are top priorities in the public sector. 

9. Education

Schools, colleges, and universities store a wide range of data, including personal information, financial records, and intellectual property from original research. Educational institutions often operate with limited cybersecurity budgets and outdated technology, making them vulnerable to phishing, ransomware, and data breaches.

When comparing cybersecurity threats by industry, the education sector is unique in that it has an exceptionally large attack surface, meaning the sum of all possible entry points is much higher than in other industries. Remote learning platforms have also added new challenges, exposing students and staff to potential cyber attacks.

Schools and universities must take concrete steps to reduce their attack surface, upgrade IT and cybersecurity defenses to acceptable standards, and make student and staff cyber awareness a part of the educational experience. 

10. Telecommunications

Cybercriminals target telecommunication companies because they maintain global communication networks. These organizations face threats such as DOS attacks, data breaches, insider threats, and espionage. Hackers may attempt to intercept communications, access customer data, or compromise infrastructure to disrupt services.

As 5G networks expand and more devices become connected, the telecom threat landscape continues to evolve. Securing endpoints, network access, and customer data is a constant challenge in this fast-paced industry. 

Cybersecurity Threats by Industry Resources and Further Reading

The cybercrime landscape is constantly in flux, with new threats always emerging. Staying current with cybersecurity trends, updated best practices, and burgeoning attack methods is the best way to ensure that you’re working with the most recent and relevant information. Explore the following resources to learn more about cybersecurity threats by industry:

• American Hospital Association, “A Look at 2024’s Health Care Cybersecurity Challenges” : This article explores some of the most relevant cyber attack methods impacting America’s health care system.

• Arctic Wolf Networks, “The Top 11 Legal Industry Cyber Attacks” : This article covers the most notable cyber attacks on law firms.

• Bright Security, “5 Examples of Zero Day Vulnerabilities and How to Protect Your Organization” : This article explains what zero-day vulnerabilities are and how they differ from zero-day attacks, and provides examples of vulnerabilities that leave organizations vulnerable to this type of threat.

• CompTIA, What Is Cybersecurity? : This resource provides a detailed look at cybersecurity, including why it’s important, types of cybersecurity, and which professional certifications are worth pursuing.

• Control D, “Six of the Biggest DNS Attacks in History” : This article helps convey the potential damage a DNS attack can cause, describing the most impactful attacks in the past 25 years.

• Fortinet, Retail Cybersecurity Statistics Not to Be Ignored : This article provides an overview of cybersecurity threats affecting retailers.

• IBM, “83% of Organizations Reported Insider Attacks in 2024” : This article takes a deep dive into the topic of insider threats, identifying the main causes, the estimated cost of a successful attack, and best practices for mitigating insider threats.

• IBM, “Addressing Growing Concerns About Cybersecurity in Manufacturing” : This article explores the impact of cyber attacks on the manufacturing industry and what manufacturing companies can do to bolster security.

• IBM, “Types of Cyberthreats” : This article provides a comprehensive overview of the most relevant cyber threats in the digital landscape.

• RSM, “Cybersecurity Risks in the Telecommunications Industry” : This article explores cyber threats affecting the telecommunications industry and the types of cyber attacks that have increased in frequency in recent years.

• SentinelOne, 10 Cyber Security Trends for 2025 : This resource explores recent cybersecurity trends, including AI-driven malware and quantum computing threats.

• SentinelOne, Top 7 Cyber Attacks in the United States : This resource provides information about cyber attack motivators, the types of cyber attacks that pose the biggest threat, how cyber attacks impact national security and the economy, and an overview of the most high-profile cyber attacks in history.

• UpGuard, “The 6 Biggest Cyber Threats for Financial Services in 2025” : This article explores the most relevant cyber threats to the financial services industry.

• UpGuard, “The State of University Cybersecurity: 3 Major Problems in 2025” : This article discusses the top three cybersecurity issues of the education sector and how it can increase its resilience to attacks.

Familiarity With Cybersecurity Threats by Industry Guides Strategy Development

No industry is exempt from cybersecurity risks. It’s not a matter of if cyber attacks will target businesses, but how and when.

Cybercriminals are constantly developing new methods to exploit industry-specific vulnerabilities, making it essential for organizations to stay informed and proactive. Although the threats may vary by industry, one reality applies to all: cybersecurity is no longer optional.

Investing in the right tools, training, and practices is critical to protecting sensitive data, maintaining operations, and building trust in an increasingly digital world.